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In individuals with IBD, proinflammatory cytokines downregulate OCTN2 through the PPAR/RXR pathway, resulting in reduced carnitine uptake by intestinal epithelial cells that leads to the dysfunction of intestinal regeneration and repair and further deterioration of IBD [232]

White blood cells activation also leads to increased production of inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin one (IL-1), interleukin six (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-)

doi: 10.1097/IOP.0000000000000037 64 SistiECocoBMenconiFLeoMRocchiRLatrofaFet al

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